THEORIES
1)INEXISTENCE OF worm hole
worm hole if it would have existed as many people in the world say but I don't believe.As some scientists say that if an object makes through a worm hole it travels between time or different dimensions.So be it then why didn't we still hear of a person from future with extraordinary gadgets and abilities and why didn't we get a bit of proof about it. May be worm holes still has not formed then how can we dream of time travelling and cant find a worm hole for it then it will be a bad wastage of time and money . Is it good to make a time machine ?If it is made and worm hole also exist but still if some one travels to past and kills some body no one know what will happen to our universe it may even get fully destroyed.If some one comes from future and kills an ant may be the ant was supposed to bite Newton so that he does not fall asleep when the apple fell on his head.then Newton may be asleep and no GRAVITY theory.
FIRST PROOF
Worm hole if it would have existed as many people in the world say but I don't believe. As some scientists say that if an object makes through a worm hole it travels between time or different dimensions. So be it then why didn't we still hear of a person from future with extraordinary gadgets and abilities and why didn't we get a bit of proof about it. May be worm holes still has not formed then how can we dream of time travelling and can’t find a worm hole for it then it will be a bad wastage of time and money. Is it good to make a time machine?If it is made and worm hole also exist but still if someone travels to past and kills somebody no one know what will happen to our universe it may even get fully destroyed. If someone comes from future and kills an ant may be the ant was supposed to bite Newton so that he does not fall asleep when the apple fell on his head. Then Newton may be asleep and no GRAVITY theory.
Second proof of inexistence(karmakar pal theory)
Let there be two parallel universes or universe of different time period. Let them be called 1st universe and 2nd universe. Let there be a worm hole connecting both the universes. So if an object moves into the worm hole it changes into energy and goes out of the other side in almost no time and again gets back into mass. Let the object be of weight 100N (mass is a lot similar like energy, e=mc^2).So if the object passes from 1st universe (from where it goes) through the vast worm hole which is covered in almost no time and moves out to the 2nd universe (to which it goes).Thus there is a decrease in mass (energy) in 1st universe and INCRESE of mass in 2nd universe. According to the law of conservation of mass, the amount of energy present in an universe is constant and cannot change. If worm hole would exist by now a meteor or something like that will be pulled in by it thus cause a change in mass(energy)of the two universe and make them collapse. As our universe and make them collapse. As our universe has still not collapsed, I have PROVED to you that worm hole does not exist. If it is formed in future our universe will collapse. If it does not collapse then the Law of conservation (The law of conservation of mass, or principle of mass conservation, states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy (both of which have mass), the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system mass cannot change quantity if it is not added or removed. )is WRONG
Worm hole if it would have existed as many people in the world say but I don't believe. As some scientists say that if an object makes through a worm hole it travels between time or different dimensions. So be it then why didn't we still hear of a person from future with extraordinary gadgets and abilities and why didn't we get a bit of proof about it. May be worm holes still has not formed then how can we dream of time travelling and can’t find a worm hole for it then it will be a bad wastage of time and money. Is it good to make a time machine?If it is made and worm hole also exist but still if someone travels to past and kills somebody no one know what will happen to our universe it may even get fully destroyed. If someone comes from future and kills an ant may be the ant was supposed to bite Newton so that he does not fall asleep when the apple fell on his head. Then Newton may be asleep and no GRAVITY theory.
Second proof of inexistence(karmakar pal theory)
Let there be two parallel universes or universe of different time period. Let them be called 1st universe and 2nd universe. Let there be a worm hole connecting both the universes. So if an object moves into the worm hole it changes into energy and goes out of the other side in almost no time and again gets back into mass. Let the object be of weight 100N (mass is a lot similar like energy, e=mc^2).So if the object passes from 1st universe (from where it goes) through the vast worm hole which is covered in almost no time and moves out to the 2nd universe (to which it goes).Thus there is a decrease in mass (energy) in 1st universe and INCRESE of mass in 2nd universe. According to the law of conservation of mass, the amount of energy present in an universe is constant and cannot change. If worm hole would exist by now a meteor or something like that will be pulled in by it thus cause a change in mass(energy)of the two universe and make them collapse. As our universe and make them collapse. As our universe has still not collapsed, I have PROVED to you that worm hole does not exist. If it is formed in future our universe will collapse. If it does not collapse then the Law of conservation (The law of conservation of mass, or principle of mass conservation, states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy (both of which have mass), the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system mass cannot change quantity if it is not added or removed. )is WRONG
NASA
NASA spacecraft to impact planet Mercury on Thursday
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) — NASA's Mercury-orbiting spacecraft, Messenger, is going out with a bang this week, adding a hefty crater to the little planet closest to the sun.
The first spacecraft to circle Mercury, Messenger is expected to slip out of orbit and slam into Mercury on Thursday following a successful four-year tour of the rocky planet. The spacecraft will be traveling 8,750 mph (14,081 kph) when it hits, fast enough to carve out a crater 52 feet (16 meters) wide. The spacecraft itself stretches 10 feet (3 meters) solar wingtip to wingtip.
Messenger has run out of fuel, but ground controllers managed in recent weeks to eke out some extra life, raising Messenger's orbit by dipping into helium gas reserves not originally intended for use as fuel. But now that's all gone and Messenger is at the mercy of gravity.
"I guess the end is coming," the Messenger team said via Twitter earlier this week. "After 10 years, spacecraft will end life as just another crater on Mercury's surface."
A look at Mercury's soon-to-be-obliterated travel companion:
ROUNDABOUT FLIGHT
Messenger rocketed away from Cape Canaveral, Florida, in August 2004. It flew twice past Venus and three times past Mercury, before entering orbit around Mercury in March 2011. Only one other spacecraft, NASA's Mariner 10, has ever visited Mercury, and that was back in the 1970s. Mariner 10 flew past, but did not orbit the innermost planet. The $427 million Messenger mission was developed and run for NASA by Johns Hopkins University.
SCIENCE DISCOVERIES
During its four years in orbit — comprising more than 4,000 laps — Messenger has revealed volcanic deposits at Mercury that are helping to explain the planet's important eruptive and interior-melting past; polar caps of frozen water at or near the surface; and incredible global shrinkage thanks to a cooling interior. In addition, despite its proximity to the sun, Mercury is more abundant in volatile elements, like potassium and sulfur, than anticipated before Messenger's arrival, according to Messenger's principal investigator Sean Solomon, director of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Planetary scientists will be looking at Messenger's huge stash of data "for years, probably for decades, as we try to understand the origin and evolution of Mercury," Solomon said.
SUPER SUNSHADE
Messenger's creators needed to keep the spacecraft cool during its super-hot mission at Mercury. "It's an enormously hostile environment," said Jim Green, director of planetary science for NASA. Designers came up with a novel sunshade of lightweight ceramic cloth. This sunscreen tolerated more than 600 degrees Fahrenheit (316 degrees Celsius) on the front, while keeping everything behind it at room temperature, including the seven scientific instruments. Messenger also regularly performed "an intricate dance" to balance all the infrared heat that was reflected off Mercury back at the spacecraft. At the same time, engineers equipped Messenger with numerous heaters to keep the fuel from freezing and the electronics from faltering when the spacecraft ducked behind the planet, away from the sun.
VISIT:-
http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/apr/29/nasa-spacecraft-to-impact-planet-mercury-on/
to know more
The first spacecraft to circle Mercury, Messenger is expected to slip out of orbit and slam into Mercury on Thursday following a successful four-year tour of the rocky planet. The spacecraft will be traveling 8,750 mph (14,081 kph) when it hits, fast enough to carve out a crater 52 feet (16 meters) wide. The spacecraft itself stretches 10 feet (3 meters) solar wingtip to wingtip.
Messenger has run out of fuel, but ground controllers managed in recent weeks to eke out some extra life, raising Messenger's orbit by dipping into helium gas reserves not originally intended for use as fuel. But now that's all gone and Messenger is at the mercy of gravity.
"I guess the end is coming," the Messenger team said via Twitter earlier this week. "After 10 years, spacecraft will end life as just another crater on Mercury's surface."
A look at Mercury's soon-to-be-obliterated travel companion:
ROUNDABOUT FLIGHT
Messenger rocketed away from Cape Canaveral, Florida, in August 2004. It flew twice past Venus and three times past Mercury, before entering orbit around Mercury in March 2011. Only one other spacecraft, NASA's Mariner 10, has ever visited Mercury, and that was back in the 1970s. Mariner 10 flew past, but did not orbit the innermost planet. The $427 million Messenger mission was developed and run for NASA by Johns Hopkins University.
SCIENCE DISCOVERIES
During its four years in orbit — comprising more than 4,000 laps — Messenger has revealed volcanic deposits at Mercury that are helping to explain the planet's important eruptive and interior-melting past; polar caps of frozen water at or near the surface; and incredible global shrinkage thanks to a cooling interior. In addition, despite its proximity to the sun, Mercury is more abundant in volatile elements, like potassium and sulfur, than anticipated before Messenger's arrival, according to Messenger's principal investigator Sean Solomon, director of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Planetary scientists will be looking at Messenger's huge stash of data "for years, probably for decades, as we try to understand the origin and evolution of Mercury," Solomon said.
SUPER SUNSHADE
Messenger's creators needed to keep the spacecraft cool during its super-hot mission at Mercury. "It's an enormously hostile environment," said Jim Green, director of planetary science for NASA. Designers came up with a novel sunshade of lightweight ceramic cloth. This sunscreen tolerated more than 600 degrees Fahrenheit (316 degrees Celsius) on the front, while keeping everything behind it at room temperature, including the seven scientific instruments. Messenger also regularly performed "an intricate dance" to balance all the infrared heat that was reflected off Mercury back at the spacecraft. At the same time, engineers equipped Messenger with numerous heaters to keep the fuel from freezing and the electronics from faltering when the spacecraft ducked behind the planet, away from the sun.
VISIT:-
http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/apr/29/nasa-spacecraft-to-impact-planet-mercury-on/
to know more
Nasa's Messenger Probe Smashes Into Mercury
NASA's Messenger spacecraft has slammed into the surface of the planet Mercury, ending a successful 11-year-mission.
The probe, the first ever to orbit Mercury, had run out of fuel and crashed into the planet's surface at a speed of 8,750 miles per hour.
The impact from the crash carved out an estimated 52ft-wide crater.
During its mission the spacecraft completed 4,104 orbits of Mercury and collected more than 277,000 images.
"A NASA planetary exploration mission came to a planned, but nonetheless dramatic, end Thursday when it slammed into Mercury's surface at about 8,750 miles per hour and created a new crater on the planet's surface," NASA said in a statement.
The space agency added that the mission, which began in 2004, had achieved "unprecedented success".
"Going out with a bang as it impacts the surface of Mercury, we are celebrating MESSENGER as more than a successful mission," said John Grunsfeld, associate administrator for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
"The MESSENGER mission will continue to provide scientists with a bonanza of new results as we begin the next phase of this mission - analysing the exciting data already in the archives, and unravelling the
The probe, the first ever to orbit Mercury, had run out of fuel and crashed into the planet's surface at a speed of 8,750 miles per hour.
The impact from the crash carved out an estimated 52ft-wide crater.
During its mission the spacecraft completed 4,104 orbits of Mercury and collected more than 277,000 images.
"A NASA planetary exploration mission came to a planned, but nonetheless dramatic, end Thursday when it slammed into Mercury's surface at about 8,750 miles per hour and created a new crater on the planet's surface," NASA said in a statement.
The space agency added that the mission, which began in 2004, had achieved "unprecedented success".
"Going out with a bang as it impacts the surface of Mercury, we are celebrating MESSENGER as more than a successful mission," said John Grunsfeld, associate administrator for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
"The MESSENGER mission will continue to provide scientists with a bonanza of new results as we begin the next phase of this mission - analysing the exciting data already in the archives, and unravelling the
TECHNOLOGY
IBM Shows Off a Quantum Computing Chip
A new superconducting chip made by IBM demonstrates a technique crucial to the development of quantum computers.
A superconducting chip developed at IBM demonstrates an important step needed for the creation of computer processors that crunch numbers by exploiting the weirdness of quantum physics. If successfully developed, quantum computers could effectively take shortcuts through many calculations that are difficult for today’s computers.
IBM’s new chip is the first to integrate the basic devices needed to build a quantum computer, known as qubits, into a 2-D grid. Researchers think one of the best routes to making a practical quantum computer would involve creating grids of hundreds or thousands of qubits working together. The circuits of IBM’s chip are made from metals that become superconducting when cooled to extremely low temperatures. The chip operates at only a fraction of a degree above absolute zero.
IBM’s chip contains only the simplest grid possible, four qubits in a two-by-two array. But previously researchers had only shown they could operate qubits together when arranged in a line. Unlike conventional binary bits, a qubit can enter a “superposition state” where it is effectively both 0 and 1 at the same time. When qubits in this state work together, they can cut through complex calculations in ways impossible for conventional hardware. Google, NASA, Microsoft, IBM, and the U.S. government are all working on the technology.
There are different ways to make qubits, with superconducting circuits like those used by IBM and Google being one of the most promising. However, all qubits suffer from the fact that the quantum effects they use to represent data are very susceptible to interference. Much current work is focused on showing that small groups of qubits can detect when errors have occurred so they can be worked around or corrected.
Earlier this year, researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Google announced that they had made a chip with nine superconducting qubits arranged in a line (“Google Researchers Make Quantum Computing Components More Reliable”). Some of the qubits in that system could detect when their fellow devices suffered a type of error called a bit-flip, where a qubit representing a 0 changes to a 1 or vice versa.
However, qubits also suffer from a second kind of error known as a phase flip, where a qubit’s superposition state becomes distorted. Qubits can only detect that in other qubits if they are working together in a 2-D array, says Jay Gambetta, who leads IBM’s quantum computing research group at its T.J. Watson research center in Yorktown Heights, New York.
A paper published today details how IBM’s chip with four qubits arranged in a square can detect both bit and phase flips. One pair of qubits is checked for errors by the other pair of qubits. One of the pair doing the checking looks for bit flips and the other for phase flips.
“This is a stepping stone toward demonstrating a larger square,” says Gambetta. “There will be other challenges that emerge as the square gets bigger, but it looks very optimistic for the next few steps.”
Gambetta says his team had to carefully design its new chip to overcome interference problems caused by putting the four qubits so close together. They are already experimenting with a chip that has a grid of eight qubits in a two-by-four rectangle, he says.
Raymond Laflamme, director of the institute for quantum computing at the University of Waterloo, Canada, describes IBM’s results as “an important milestone [toward] reliable quantum processors.” Tackling errors is one of the field’s most important problems. “Quantum computing promises to have many mind-boggling applications, but it is hindered by the fragility of quantum information.”
Truly solving that problem requires going one step further than IBM’s latest results, and correcting qubit errors as well as detecting them. That can only be demonstrated on a larger grid of qubits, says Laflamme. However, not all quantum computing researchers think that qubits like those being built at IBM, Google, and elsewhere will ever be workable in large collections. Researchers at Microsoft and Bell Labs are working to create a completely different design of qubit that should be less prone to errors in the first place (see “Microsoft’s Quantum Mechanics”).
A superconducting chip developed at IBM demonstrates an important step needed for the creation of computer processors that crunch numbers by exploiting the weirdness of quantum physics. If successfully developed, quantum computers could effectively take shortcuts through many calculations that are difficult for today’s computers.
IBM’s new chip is the first to integrate the basic devices needed to build a quantum computer, known as qubits, into a 2-D grid. Researchers think one of the best routes to making a practical quantum computer would involve creating grids of hundreds or thousands of qubits working together. The circuits of IBM’s chip are made from metals that become superconducting when cooled to extremely low temperatures. The chip operates at only a fraction of a degree above absolute zero.
IBM’s chip contains only the simplest grid possible, four qubits in a two-by-two array. But previously researchers had only shown they could operate qubits together when arranged in a line. Unlike conventional binary bits, a qubit can enter a “superposition state” where it is effectively both 0 and 1 at the same time. When qubits in this state work together, they can cut through complex calculations in ways impossible for conventional hardware. Google, NASA, Microsoft, IBM, and the U.S. government are all working on the technology.
There are different ways to make qubits, with superconducting circuits like those used by IBM and Google being one of the most promising. However, all qubits suffer from the fact that the quantum effects they use to represent data are very susceptible to interference. Much current work is focused on showing that small groups of qubits can detect when errors have occurred so they can be worked around or corrected.
Earlier this year, researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Google announced that they had made a chip with nine superconducting qubits arranged in a line (“Google Researchers Make Quantum Computing Components More Reliable”). Some of the qubits in that system could detect when their fellow devices suffered a type of error called a bit-flip, where a qubit representing a 0 changes to a 1 or vice versa.
However, qubits also suffer from a second kind of error known as a phase flip, where a qubit’s superposition state becomes distorted. Qubits can only detect that in other qubits if they are working together in a 2-D array, says Jay Gambetta, who leads IBM’s quantum computing research group at its T.J. Watson research center in Yorktown Heights, New York.
A paper published today details how IBM’s chip with four qubits arranged in a square can detect both bit and phase flips. One pair of qubits is checked for errors by the other pair of qubits. One of the pair doing the checking looks for bit flips and the other for phase flips.
“This is a stepping stone toward demonstrating a larger square,” says Gambetta. “There will be other challenges that emerge as the square gets bigger, but it looks very optimistic for the next few steps.”
Gambetta says his team had to carefully design its new chip to overcome interference problems caused by putting the four qubits so close together. They are already experimenting with a chip that has a grid of eight qubits in a two-by-four rectangle, he says.
Raymond Laflamme, director of the institute for quantum computing at the University of Waterloo, Canada, describes IBM’s results as “an important milestone [toward] reliable quantum processors.” Tackling errors is one of the field’s most important problems. “Quantum computing promises to have many mind-boggling applications, but it is hindered by the fragility of quantum information.”
Truly solving that problem requires going one step further than IBM’s latest results, and correcting qubit errors as well as detecting them. That can only be demonstrated on a larger grid of qubits, says Laflamme. However, not all quantum computing researchers think that qubits like those being built at IBM, Google, and elsewhere will ever be workable in large collections. Researchers at Microsoft and Bell Labs are working to create a completely different design of qubit that should be less prone to errors in the first place (see “Microsoft’s Quantum Mechanics”).